EMAS KHAZANAH SYURGA: 2020-05-31

Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Kenali Cop / Tanda Emas Anda

Setiap kali membeli barang kemas, ada sebahagian dari kita yang mungkin perasan cop atau tanda yang terdapat pada barang kemas tersebut. Berikut adalah maksudnya.

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1) 999 / 24K / 足金 = Emas berketulenan penuh, turut dipanggil emas 10 dan emas kertas

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2) 965 / 泰国 = Emas tulen 96.5%, kebanyakan emas mutu sebegini dari Thailand

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3) 950 / 23k = Emas tulen 95%.

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4) 916 / 22k = Emas tulen 91.6% emas ni hanya popular di negara asia, digunakan secara meluas di Malaysia, Singapura, Brunei.

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5) 875 / 21k = Emas tulen 87.5%, Boleh dikatakan hampir semua barang kemas negara timur tengah mengunakan emas ini

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6) 835 / 20k / 盾金 = Emas tulen 83.5%, lebih keras dari 916 untuk, di komersial untuk barangan batu permata.

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7) 钱金 = Emas tulen diantara 79% – 81% Dikenali sebagai emas paun, campuran utama adalah tembaga merah, emas ini hanya ada di Malaysia, sudah hampir 20 tahun ia tidak dihasilkan.

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8) 750 / 18k / K18 = Emas tulen 75%, terkenal diseluruh dunia, di Malaysia ia menjadi emas pilihan untuk menghasilkan barangan batu permata, hampir semua barangan kemas Italy mengunakan emas ini, jika cop tersebut K18 barang tersebut dihasilkan di Jepun.

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9) 625 / 15k = Emas tulen 62.5% campuran ini tidak dihasilkan di Malaysia.

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10) 585 / 14k = Emas tulis 58.5%, popular di Malaysia pada 1995 hingga 2003 untuk menghasilkan rantai kristal, sekarang campuran ini dihasilkan jika ada tempahan khas barangan permata.

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11) 12k / 久金 = Emas tulen 50%, dihasilkan di Malaysia satu ketika dulu, sekarang tidak dihasilkan lagi.

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12) 375 / 9k = Emas tulen 37.5%, dikenali sebagai Suasa.

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13) 925 / 950 / 996 = Perak

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14) Pd = Palladium, Malaysia ada menghasilkan cincin lelaki dari jenis logam ini.

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15) PLAT / PT = Platinum, harganya lebih mahal dari emas.

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16) CW = Carat Weight, merujuk kepada berat batu seperti berat batu berlian dan lain-lain

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17) CZ = Cubic Zirconia = membawa maksud batu permata yang dipasang adalah batu buatan bukan batu asli seperti berlian, zamrud dan lain-lain.

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18) SS / steel / St steel = Stainless Steel.

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19) GF = Gold Filled, saduran emas tebal.

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19) GP / Gold Plated / ZZ / 18Z / JJ / 18KGP = Emas Palsu, logam yang disadurkan dengan emas.

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*GF mungkin mempunyai kandungan emas sedikit, contoh jika dicop pada cincin (GF 1/20 12k) ia membawa maksud kandungan emas 12k hanya 5% dari berat keseluruhan cincin tersebut.
*cop bertulis cina, bermaksud emas tersebut adalah emas lama, kerana sudah lama kilang-kilang emas dimalaysia tidak mengunakan cop tersebut, cop terkini adalah yang berunsurkan tiga digit.
*Jika anda dapati cop tulisan cina selain daripada yang tertera di atas, ketahuilah ia merujuk kepada kilang pengeluar dan tukang, begitu juga cop huruf yang lain.

Kredit : Facebook Ahmad Jeff

Disediakan oleh : Syed Abu Bakar Jamalullail

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Emas emas emas emas emas emas emas emas emas emas emaS

A child finds a shiny rock in a creek, thousands of years ago, and the human race

is introduced to gold for the first time.

Gold was first discovered as shining, yellow nuggets. "Gold is where you find it," so the saying goes,

and gold was first discovered in its natural state, in streams all over the world. No doubt it was the

first metal known to early hominids.

Gold became a part of every human culture. Its brilliance, natural beauty, and luster, and its

great malleability and resistance to tarnish made it enjoyable to work and play with.

Because gold is dispersed widely throughout the geologic world, its discovery occurred to many different groups in many different

locales.

And nearly everyone who found it was impressed with it, and so was the developing culture in which they lived.

Gold was the first metal widely known to our species. When thinking about the historical progress of technology,

we consider the development of iron and copper-working as the greatest contributions to our species' economic and cultural progress –

but gold came first.

Gold is the easiest of the metals to work. It occurs in a virtually pure and workable state,

whereas most other metals tend to be found in ore-bodies that pose some difficulty in smelting.

Gold's early uses were no doubt ornamental, and its brilliance and permanence (it neither corrodes

nor tarnishes) linked it to deities and royalty in early civilizations .

Gold has always been powerful stuff. The earliest history of human interaction with gold is long lost to us, but its association with

the gods, with immortality, and with wealth itself are common to many cultures throughout the world.

Early civilizations equated gold with gods and rulers, and gold was sought in their name and dedicated to their glorification.

Humans almost intuitively place a high value on gold, equating it with power, beauty, and the cultural elite.

And since gold is widely distributed all over the globe, we find this same thinking about gold throughout ancient

And modern civilizations everywhere.

Gold, beauty, and power have always gone together. Gold in ancient times was made into shrines and idols

("the Golden Calf"), plates, cups, vases and vessels of all kinds, and of course, jewelry for personal adornment.

The "Gold of Troy" treasure hoard, excavated in Turkey and dating to the era 2450 -2600 B.C., show the range of gold-work

from delicate jewelry to a gold gravy boat weighing a full troy pound. This was a time when gold was highly valued,

but had not yet become money itself. Rather, it was owned by the powerful and well-connected, or made into objects of worship,

or used to decorate sacred locations.

Gold has always had value to humans, even before it was money. This is demonstrated by the extraordinary efforts made to obtain it.

Prospecting for gold was a worldwide effort going back thousands of years, even before the first money in the form of

gold coins appeared about 700 B.C.

In the quest for gold by the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Indians, Hittites, Chinese, and others, prisoners of war were sent to

work the mines, as were slaves and criminals. And this happened during a time when gold had no value as 'money,'

but was just considered a desirable commodity in and of itself.

The 'value' of gold was accepted all over the world. Today, as in ancient times, the intrinsic appeal of gold itself has that

universal appeal to humans. But how did gold come to be a commodity, a measurable unit of value?

The History

Gold

National Mining Association

101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Suite 500 East

Washington, DC 20001

Gold /Emas

· The chemical symbol for gold is Au.

· Gold’s atomic number is 79 and its atomic weight

is 196.967.

· Gold /Emas melts at 1064.43° Centigrade

· The specific gravity of gold is 19.3, meaning gold

weighs 19.3 times more than an equal volume of

water.

··········

WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS

1 troy ounce = 1,097 ordinary ounces

1 troy ounce = 480 grains

1 troy ounce = 31.1 grams

1000 troy ounces = 31.3 kilograms

1 gram = .03215 troy ounces

1 kilogram = 32.15 troy ounces

1 tonne = 32.150 troy ounces

1 ordinary ounce = .9115 troy ounces

1 ordinary pound = 14.58 troy ounces

··········

Percent Gold = European System = Karat System

100 % = 1000 fine = 24 karat

91.7 % = 917 fine = 22 karat

75.0 % = 750 fine = 18 karat

58.5 % = 585 fine = 14 karat

41.6 % = 416 fine = 10 karat

4000 B.C.

A culture, centered in what is today Eastern Europe,

begins to use gold to fashion decorative objects. The

gold was probably mined in the Transylvanian Alps or

the Mount Pangaion area in Thrace.

3000 B.C.

The Sumer civilization of southern Iraq uses gold to

create a wide range of jewelry, often using

sophisticated and varied styles still worn today.

2500 B.C.

Gold jewelry is buried in the Tomb of Djer, king of the

First Egyptian Dynasty, at Abydos, Egypt.

1500 B.C.

The immense gold-bearing regions of Nubia make

Egypt a wealthy nation, as gold becomes the

recognized standard medium of exchange for

international trade.

The Shekel, a coin originally weighing 11.3 grams of

gold, becomes a standard unit of measure in the

Middle East. It contained a naturally occurring alloy

called electrum that was approximately two-thirds

gold and one-third silver.

1350 B.C.

The Babylonians begin to use fire assay to test the

purity of gold.

1200 B.C.

The Egyptians master the art of beating gold into leaf

to extend its use, as well as alloying it with other

metals for hardness and color variations. They also

start casting gold using the lost-wax technique

that today is still at the heart of jewelry making.

Unshorn sheepskin is used to recover gold dust from

river sands on the eastern shores of the Black Sea.

After slucing the sands through the sheepskins, they

are dried and shaken out to dislodge the gold particles.

The practice is most likely the inspiration for the

“Golden Fleece”.

1091 B.C.

Little squares of gold/Emas are legalized in China as a

form of money.

560 B.C.

The first coins made purely from gold/Emas are minted in

Lydia, a kingdom of Asia Minor.

344 B.C.

Alexander the Great crosses the Hellespont with

40,000 men, beginning one of the most extraordinary

campaigns in military history and seizing vast

quantities of gold/Emas from the Persian Empire.

300 B.C.

Greeks and Jews of ancient Alexandria begin to

practice alchemy, the quest of turning base metals

into gold/Emas. The search reaches its pinnacle from the

late Dark Ages through the Renaissance.

218 B.C. –202 B.C.

During the second Punic War with Carthage, the

Romans gain access to the gold/Emas mining region of

Spain and recover gold through stream gravels and

hardrock mining.

58 B.C.

After a victorious campaign in Gaul, Julius

Caesar brings back enough gold to give 200

coins to each of his soldiers and repay all of Rome’s

debts.

50 B.C.

Romans begin issuing a gold/Emas coin called the Aureus.

476 A.D.

The Goths depose Emperor Romulas Augustus,

marking the fall of the Roman Empire.

600 A.D. –699 A.D.

The Byzantine Empire resumes gold mining in central

Europe and France, an area untouched since the fall of

the Roman Empire.

742 A.D. –814 A.D.

Charlemagne overruns the Avars and plunders their

vast quantities of gold/Emas, making it possible for him to

take control over much of western Europe.

1066 A.D.

With the Norman conquest, a metallic currency

standard is finally re-established in Great Britain with

the introduction of a system of pounds, shillings, and

pence. The pound is literally a pound of sterling

silver.

1250 A.D. –1299 A.D.

Marco Polo writes of his travels to the Far East, where

the “gold wealth was almost unlimited.”

1284 A.D.

Venice introduces the gold Ducat, which soon

becomes the most popular coin in the world and

remains so for more than five centuries.

1284 A.D.

Great Britain issues its first major gold coin, the

Florin. This is followed shortly by the Noble,

and later by the Angel, Crown, and Guinea.

1377 A.D.

Great Britain shifts to a monetary system based

on gold/Emas and silver.

1511 A.D.

King Ferdinand of Spain says to explorers, “Get gold,

humanely if you can, but all hazards, get gold,”

launching massive expeditions to the newly

discovered lands of the Western Hemisphere.

1556 A.D.

Georgius Agricola publishes De re Metallica, which

describes the fire assay of gold/Emas during the Middle

Ages.

1700 A.D.

Gold/Emas is discovered in Brazil, which becomes the

largest producer of gold by 1720, with nearly twothirds

of the world’s output.

Isaac Newton, as Master of the Mint, fixes the price

of gold in Great Britain at 84 shillings, 11 & ½

pence per troy ounce. The Royal Commission,

composed of Newton, John Locke, and Lord Somers,

recommends a recall of all old currency, issuance of

new specie with gold/silver ratio of 16-to-1. The

gold price thus established in Great Britain lasted for

over 200 years.

1744 A.D.

The resurgence of gold mining in Russia begins with

the discovery of a quartz outcrop in Ekaterinburg.

1787 A.D.

First U.S. gold coin is struck by Ephraim Brasher, a

goldsmith.

1792 A.D.

The Coinage Act places the United States on a

bimetallic silver-gold standard, and defines the U.S.

dollar as equivalent to 24.75 grains of fine gold and

371.25 grains of fine silver.

1799 A.D.

A 17-pound gold nugget is found in Cabarrus County,

North Carolina, the first documented gold discovery in

the United States.

1803 A.D.

Gold/Emas is discovered at Little Meadow Creek, North

Carolina, sparking the first U.S. gold rush.

1804 A.D. –1828 A.D.

North Carolina supplies all the domestic gold coined

by the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia for currency.

1816 A.D.

Great Britain officially ties the pound to a specific

quantity of gold/Emas at which British currency is

convertible.

1817 A.D.

Britain introduces the Sovereign, a small gold coin

valued at one pound sterling

1830 A.D.

Heinrich G. Kuhn announces his discovery of the

formula for fired-on Glanz (bright) Gold. It makes

Meissen gold-decorated china world famous.

1837 A.D.

The weight of gold in the U.S. dollar is lessened to

23.22 grains so that one fine troy ounce of gold/Emas is

valued at $20.67.

1848 A.D.

John Marshall finds flakes of gold/Emas while building a

sawmill for John Sutter near Sacramento, California,

triggering the California Gold Rush and hastening

the settlement of the American West.

1850 A.D.

Edward Hammong Hargraves, returning to Australia

from California, predicts he will find gold in his

home country in one week. He discovered gold in

New South Wales within one week of landing.

1859 A.D.

Comstock lode of gold and silver is struck in Nevada

1862 A.D.

Latin Monetary Union is established setting fineness,

weight, size, and denomination of silver and gold/Emas

coins of France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland (and

Greece in 1868) and obligating all to accept each

other’s current gold and silver coins as full legal

tender.

1868 A.D.

George Harrison, while digging up stones to build a

house, discovers gold in South Africa – since then,

the source of nearly 40% of all gold ever mined.

1873 A.D.

As a result of ongoing revisions to minting and

coinage laws, silver is eliminated as a standard of

value, and the United States goes on an unofficial

gold standard.

1887 A.D.

A British patent is issued to John Steward

MacArthur for the cyanidation process for recovering

gold from ore. The process results in a doubling of

world gold/Emas output over the next twenty years.

1896 A.D.

William Jennings Bryan delivers his famous “Cross of

Gold” speech at the Democratic national convention,

urging a return to bimetallism. The speech gains him

the party’s presidential nomination, but he loses in the

general election to William McKinley.

1898 A.D.

Two prospectors discover gold while fishing in

Klondike, Alaska, spawning the la st gold rush of the

century.

1900 A.D.

The Gold/Emas Standard Act places the United States

officially on the gold standard, committing the United

States to maintain a fixed exchange rate in relation to

other countries on the gold standard.

1903 A.D.

The Engelhard Corporation introduces an organic

medium to print gold on surfaces. First used for

decoration, the medium becomes the foundation for

microcircuit printing technology.

1913 A.D.

Federal Reserve Act specifies that Federal Reserve

Notes be backed 40% in gold/Emas.

1914 A.D. –1919 A.D.

A strict gold standard is suspended by several

countries, including United States and Great Britain ,

during World War I.

1925 A.D.

Great Britain returns to a gold bullion standard, with

currency redeemable for 400-ounce gold bullion bars

but no circulation of gold coins.

1927 A.D.

An extensive medical study conducted in France

proves gold to be valuable in the treatment of

rheumatoid arthritis.

1931 A.D. Great Britain abandons the gold bullion standard.

1933 A.D.

To alleviate the banking panic, President Franklin D.

Roosevelt prohibits private holdings of all gold coins,

bullion, and certificates.

1934 A.D.

The Gold Reserve Act of 1934 gives the government

the permanent title to all monetary gold and halts the

minting of gold coins. It also allows gold certificates

to be held only by the Federal Reserve Banks, putting

the U.S. on a limited gold bullion standard, under

which redemption in gold is restricted to dollars held

by foreign central banks and licensed private users.

President Roosevelt reduces the dollar by increasing

the price of gold to $35 per ounce.

1935 A.D.

Western Electric Alloy #1 (69% gold, 25% silver,

and 6% platinum) finds universal use in all switching

contacts for AT&T telecommunications equipment.

1937 A.D.

The bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, is

opened.

1942 A.D.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues a presidential

edict closing all U.S. gold mines.

1944 A.D.

The Bretton Woods agreement, ratified by the U.S.

Congress in 1945, establishes a gold exchange

standard and two new international organizations, the

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World

Bank. The new standard involves setting par values

for currencies in terms of gold and the obligation of

member countries to convert foreign official holdings

of their currencies into gold at these par values.

1945 A.D.

Gold-backing of Federal Reserve Notes is reduced by

25.5%

1947 A.D.

The first transistor is assembled at AT&T Bell

Laboratories. The device uses gold contacts pressed

into a germanium surface.

1954 A.D.

London gold market, closed early in World War II,

reopens.

1960 A.D.

AT&T Bell Laboratories is granted the first patent for

the invention of the laser. The device uses carefully

positioned gold-coated mirrors to maximize infrared

reflection into the lasing crystal.

The European Rheumatism Council confirms

intravenously administered gold is an effective

treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

1961 A.D.

Americans are forbidden to own gold abroad as well as

at home.

The central banks of Belgium, France, Italy, the

Netherlands, Switzerland, West Germany, the United

Kingdom and the United States form the London Gold

Pool and agree to buy and sell at $35.0875 per ounce.

1965 A.D.

Col. Edward White makes the first space walk during

the Gemini IV mission, using a gold-coated visor to

protect his eyes from direct sunlight. Gold-coated

visors remain a standard safety feature for astronaut

excursions.

1967 A.D.

South Africa produces the first Krugerrand. This 1-

ounce bullion coin becomes a favorite of individual

investors around the world.

1968 A.D.

London Gold Market closes for two weeks after a

sudden surge in the demand for gold.

The governors of the central banks in the gold pool

announce they will no longer buy and sell gold in the

private market. A two-tier pricing system emerges:

official transactions between monetary authorities

are to be conducted at an unchanged price of $35 per

fine troy ounce, and other transactions are to be

conducted at a fluctuating free-market price.

U.S. Mint terminates policy of buying gold from and

selling gold to those licensed by the U.S. Treasury to

hold gold.

Gold-backing of Federal Reserve Notes is eliminated.

Intel introduces a microchip with 1,024 transistors

interconnected with invisibly small gold circuits.

1970 A.D.

The charge-coupled device is invented at Bell

Telephone Laboratories. First used to record the

faint light from stars, the device, which uses gold to

collect the electrons generated by light,eventually is

used in hundreds of civilian and military devices,

including home video cameras.

1971 A.D.

On August 15, U.S. terminates all gold sales or

purchases, thereby ending conversion of foreign

officially held dollars into gold; in December, under

the Smithsonian Agreement signed in Washington,

U.S. devalues the dollar by raisin g the official dollar

price of gold to $38 per fine troy ounce.

The colloidal gold marker system is introduced by

Amersham Corporation of Illinois. Tin y spheres of

gold are used in health research laboratories

worldwide to mark or tag specific proteins to reveal

their function in the human body for the treatment of

disease.

1973 A.D.

On February 13, U.S. devalues the dollar again and

announces it will raise the official dollar price of gold

to $42.22 per fine troy ounce. Dollar-selling

continues, and finally all currencies are allowed to

“float” freely, without regard to the price of gold. By

June, the market price in London has risen to more

than $120 per ounce.

Japan lifts prohibition on imports of gold.

1974 A.D.

Americans permitted to own gold/Emas, other than just

jewelry, as of December 31.

1975 A.D.

The U.S. Treasury holds a series of auctions at which

is accepts bids for gold/Emas in the form of 400-ounce bars.

In January, 754,000 troy ounces are sold and another

499,500 more in June.

1975 A.D.

Trading in gold for future delivery begins on New

York’s Commodity Exchange and on Chicago’s

International Monetary Market and Board of Trade.

The Krugerrand is launched on to the U.S. Market.

1976 A.D.

The Gold Institute is established to promote the

common business interests of the gold industry by

providing statistical data and other relevant

information to its members, the media, and the

public, while also acting as an industry spokesperson.

1976 A.D. –1980 A.D.

IMF sells one-third of its gold holdings, 25 million

troy ounces to IMF members at SDR 35/ounce in

proportion to members’ shares of quotas on August

31, 1975, and 25 million troy ounces at a series of

public auctions for the benefit of developing member

countries.

1978 A.D.

1980 A.D.

U.S. Treasury sells 15.8 million troy ounces of gold

to strengthen the U.S. trade balance.

1978 A.D.

Amended IMF articles are adopted, abolishing the

official IMF price of gold, gold convertibility and

maintenance of gold value obligations; gold is

eliminated as a significant instrument in IMF

transactions with members; and the IMF is

empowered to dispose of its large gold holdings. By

Act of Congress, the U.S. abolishes the official price

of gold. Member governments are free to buy and

sell gold in private markets.

1978 A.D.

A weak U.S. dollar propels interest in gold, aided by

such events as the U.S. recognition of Communist

China, events in Iran and Sino-Vietnamese border

disturbances.

U.S. Congress passes the American Arts Gold

Medallion Act, representing the first official issue of a

gold piece for sale to individuals in almost half a

century.

Japan lifts ban on gold exports, touching off a “gold

rush” among investors who can sell as well as buy.

1979 A.D.

The Canadian 1-ounce Maple Leaf is introduced.

1980 A.D.

Gold/Emas reaches intra-day historic high of $870 on

January 21 in New York and by year-end closes at

$591.

1981 A.D.

Treasury Secretary Donald Regan announces the

formation of a Gold Commission “to assess and make

recommendations with regard to the policy of the U.S.

government concerning the role of gold in domestic

and international monetary systems.”

The first space shuttle is launched, using gold-coated

impellers in its liquid hydrogen fuel pump.

1982 A.D.

Congress passes Olympic Commemorative Coin Act,

which includes issuing the first legal tender U.S. gold

coin since 1933.

1982 A.D.

U.S. Gold Commission report recommends no new

monetary role for gold, but supports a U.S. gold

bullion coin.

New gold deposits are discovered in North America

and Australia.

Canada introduces the fractional Maple Leaf coins in

sizes of 1/4 ounce and 1/10 ounce.

China introduces the Panda bullion coin.

1986 A.D.

The first new gold jewelry alloy this century, 990-

Gold (1% titanium) is introduced to meet the need

for an improved durability of 99% pure gold

traditionally manufactured in Hong Kong. The very

malleable alloy is easily worked into intricate design,

but can be converted into a hard, durable alloy by

simply heating it in an oven.

The American Eagle Gold Bullion Coin is

introduced by the U.S. Mint. Treasury resumes

purchases of newly mined gold.

Goldcorp Australia issues the Nugget gold bullion

coin.

Gold-coated compact discs are introduced. The goldcoated

discs provide perfection of reflective

surfaces, eliminate pinholes common to aluminum

surfaces, and exclude any possibility of oxidative

deterioration of the surfaces.

1987 A.D.

British Royal Mint introduces the Britannia Gold

Bullion Coin.

World stock markets suffer sharp reversal on October

19; volatile investment markets increase gold trading

activity.

The World Gold Council is established to sustain and

develop demand for the end uses of gold.

1988 A.D.

The international media report huge gold purchases by

a “mystery” buyer, later reveled to be the Japanese

government in preparation for the minting of a major

commemorative coin. This coin, honoring the sixtieth

anniversary of Emperor Hirohito’s reign, is issued in

November.

1989 A.D. Austria introduces the Philharmoniker bullion coin.

1990 A.D.

United States becomes the world’s second largest gold

producing nation.

1992 A.D.

World Gold Council introduces the Gold Mark as an

international identification mark for gold jewelry.

1993 A.D.

Germany lifts its value added tax restrictions on

financial gold, causing a resurgence of private demand

of gold.

India and Turkey liberalize their gold markets.

1994 A.D. Russia formally establishes a domestic gold market.

1996 A.D.

The Mars Global Surveyor is launched with an onboard

gold-coated parabolic telescope-mirror that will

generate a detailed map of the entire Martian surface

over a two-year period.

1997 A.D.

Congress passes Taxpayers Relief Act, allowing US

Individual Retirement Account holders to buy gold

bullion coins and bars for their accounts as long as

they are of a fineness equal to, or exceeding, 99.5%

percent gold.

1999 A.D.

The Euro, a pan-European currency, is introduced,

backed by a new European Central Bank holding 15%

of its reserves in gold.

2000 A.D.

Astronomers at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii use

the giant gold-coated mirrors of the most detailed

images of Neptune and Uranus ever captured.

2002 A.D.

The Gold Institute’s Board of Directors votes to

dissolve the association and consolidate its activities

within the National Mining Association, effective

January 1, 2003. The decision was made against the

backdrop of consolidation in the gold sector and

changes in the general business climate.

Sources

J. Aron/Goldman Sachs & Company

Gold Fields Minerals Services

The Gold Information Center

The Gold Institute (former)

The Mentor

The Money Encyclopedia

United States Bureau of Mines

··········

The Egyptians, Cyril Aldred, 1961.

Gold – An Illustrated History, Vincent Buranelli, 1979.

The Story of Civilization, Will Durant, 1954.

Life in Ancient Egypt, Adolf Erman, 1971.

The Gold Companion, Timothy Green, 1993.

World of Gold, Timothy Green, 1991.

Love of Gold, Emily Hahn, 1980.

Archaic & Classical Greek Coins, Colin N. Kraay, 1976.

Gold Fever, Kenneth J. Kutz, 1987.

Your Gold and Silver, Henry A. Merton, 1981.

Gold Institute (former) website, 2004

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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

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